Geocoding/Georeferencing of Data: is interpolating spatial locations (X,Y coordinates) from street addresses or any other spatially referenced data such as postcodes, ZIP codes, parcel lots and address locations. This is useful because any information with a location can have X,Y coordinates, enabling its mapping.
Map creation and Boundary changes: this is using various mapping data overlayed with any other location data.
Data Translation: there are many different GIS software each with their individual data formats. For instance, MapInfo Professional uses TAB files to store data, so if this data needs to be shared with another mapping software like ESRI Arcview, data translation is necessary.